Accumulation of oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum in Biomphalaria glabrata (Pulmonata: Planorbidae) under experimental conditions

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Cryptosporidium oocysts are easily transported to various aquatic environments. The objective of this study was to evaluate B. glabrata mollusks exposed to food containing C. parvum oocysts. METHODS: Six experimental groups were used with B. glabrata either exposed or not to C. parvum oocysts. Microscopic and molecular diagnostics were conducted in water samples and tissues of B. glabrata. RESULTS: By light microscopy, C. parvum oocysts were identified in the water of the exposed groups. C. parvum DNA was not detected in water but was detected in tissue samples. CONCLUSIONS: Further studies should be conducted under natural conditions.

Epidemiological Characteristics of the First Water-Borne Outbreak of Cryptosporidiosis in Seoul, Korea

The first case of human cryptosporidiosis was reported in Korea in 1995; however, an outbreak of Cryptosporidium has not been reported in Korea until now. This paper describes the first outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in Korea. On May 24, 2012, a local public health center filed a report on 126 residents with gastrointestinal symptoms in an old apartment complex in Seoul. Epidemiological investigations were implemented on 125 of the 126 patients. The patients were reported continuously over a period of 22 days. Diarrhea was the most common clinical symptom, and lasted for 5 days on average. The tap water was the only common exposure of the patients. During the environmental investigation it was discovered that the water and septic tanks were situated closely and that the waste water pipes were corroded where they passed over the water pipes. Cryptosporidium parvum was detected in 3 of the 7 stool specimens by PCR-RFLP. A number of Cryptosporidium oocysts were also detected in the water specimens from the water tank. In conclusion, Cryptosporidium parvum was the key causal pathogen of this outbreak. It is presumed that the tap water was contaminated by a sewage leak from the aged pipelines.

Detection and differentiation of Cryptosporidium by real-time polymerase chain reaction in stool samples from patients in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

This study reports the first genetic characterisation of Cryptosporidium isolates in Brazil using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). A total of 1,197 faecal specimens from children and 10 specimens from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients were collected between 1999-2010 and screened using microscopy. Forty-eight Cryptosporidium oocyst-positive isolates were identified and analysed using a generic TaqMan assay targeting the 18S rRNA to detect Cryptosporidium species and two other TaqMan assays to identify Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum. The 18S rRNA assay detected Cryptosporidium species in all 48 of the stool specimens. The C. parvum TaqMan assay correctly identified five/48 stool samples, while 37/48 stool specimens were correctly amplified in the C. hominis TaqMan assay. The results obtained in this study support previous findings showing that C. hominis infections are more prevalent than C. parvum infections in Brazil and they demonstrate that the TaqMan RT-PCR procedure is a simple, fast and valuable tool for the detection and differentiation of Cryptosporidium species.

Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in calf fecal samples by direct immunofluorescence assay / Detecção de oocistos de Cryptosporidium parvum em amostras fecais de bezerros pela reação de imunofluorescência direta

The aim of this study was to produce a conjugate containing anti-Cryptosporidium parvum polyclonal antibodies and standardize a Direct Immunofluorescence Assay (DIF) for detecting C. parvum oocysts in fecal samples from calves. In order to obtain anti-C. parvum polyclonal antibodies, two New Zealand rabbits were immunized with a purified solution of C. parvum oocysts and Freund's adjuvant. Purification of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) fraction was performed by means of precipitation in ammonium sulfate and chromatography using a DEAE-cellulose column. The anti-C. parvum polyclonal antibody titer was determined by means of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The rabbit anti-C. parvum IgG fraction was conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate and standardization of the DIF was performed using various dilutions of conjugate on slides positive for C. parvum oocysts. The cross-reactivity of the anti-C. parvum conjugate was tested using oocysts of Cryptosporidium serpentis, Cryptosporidium andersoni, Escherichia coli, Eimeria sp., and Candida sp. An anti-C. parvum conjugate was successfully produced, thus allowing standardization of DIF for detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in fecal samples. Cross-reactivity of anti-C. parvum polyclonal antibodies with C. andersoni and C. serpentis was also observed.

O objetivo deste estudo foi produzir um conjugado contendo anticorpos policlonais anti-Cryptosporidium parvum e padronizar a Reação de Imunofluorescência Direta (RID), para detecção de oocistos de C. parvum em amostras fecais de bezerros. Para produção de anticorpos policlonais anti-C. parvum, dois coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia foram imunizados com uma solução purificada de oocistos de C. parvum e adjuvante de Freund. A purificação da fração de imunoglobulina G (IgG) foi realizada por meio de precipitação em sulfato de amônio e cromatografia em coluna de DEAE celulose. A titulação dos anticorpos policlonais anti-C. parvum foi determinada por meio de ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA). A fração IgG de coelho anti-C. parvum foi conjugada com isotiocianato de fluoresceína, e a padronização da RID foi feita utilizando-se várias diluições do conjugado, em lâminas positivas para C. parvum. Foi pesquisada também a presença de reatividade cruzada do conjugado anti-C. parvum com C. serpentis, C. andersoni, Escherichia coli, Eimeria sp. e Candida sp.. A produção do conjugado anti-C. parvum foi bem sucedida, sendo possível a padronização da RID para detecção de oocistos em fezes. Foi também observada reatividade cruzada dos anticorpos policlonais anti-C. parvum, com C. andersoni e C. serpentis.

Diarrhea due to Cryptosporidium parvum in immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients in Khartoum State

The objective of this study is to search for Cryptosporidium parvum in Sudanese immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients presenting with diarrhea. Two hundred and thirteen stool specimens were collected from different groups of patients presenting with diarrhea and healthy control [immunocompromised: 78; immunocompetent: 90; Control: 45]. The immunocompromised group included 25 HIV positive patients, 27 tuberculosis patients, 11 patients with renal failure and 15 patients receiving immunosuppressive chemotherapy. Antigen ELISA was performed to detect the presence of the parasite in stool. Positive specimens were examined by the modified ZN stain to look for the oocyst of C.parvum. Seventy one of the immunocompromised patients [91.0%], twenty nine of immunocompetent patients [32.2%] and ten of the control group [22.2%] were found to be positive for C.parvum. A significant difference was noticed between the immunocompromised patients and the other groups [P<0.05]. Among the immunocompromised patients, the highest percentage of positive results [96.1%] was in the HIV patients. The percentage of positive results within the tuberculosis, renal failure and immunosuppressive patients were 92.6%, 83.3% and 86.6% respectively. The significant detection of C. parvum among the different groups of immunocompromised should raise the awareness of the clinicians towards this parasite as an important cause of diarrhea in such groups of patients

Infección por Cryptosporidium parvum en una mujer embarazada, inmunocompetente, con riesgo ocupacional / Cryptosporidium parvum infection in a pregnant inmunocompetent woman with occupational risk

La criptosporid iosis es una zoonosis parasitaria provocada por diversas especies de Cryptosporidium. Esta coccidiosis afecta a múltiples vertebrados, incluido el ser humano. En Chile, al igual que en otros países, es una infección poco frecuente en inmunocompetentes y adquiere gran relevancia en pacientes inmunocom-prometidos. Se presenta el caso de una egresada de la carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, embarazada, con 20 semanas de gestación, procedente del sector de Laguna Verde, Región de Valparaíso, que fuera infectada por Cryptosporidium sp. El diagnostico etiológico se realizó con tinción de Ziehl Neelsen, RPC anidada y posterior secuenciación. En el mismo periodo se detectó la infección en sus gatos asintomáticos. En ella y los animales se identificó a C. parvum. Su cónyuge así como sus otras mascotas no estaban infectados. Este corresponde al primer reporte de una posible transmisión de criptos-poridiosis entre ser humano y gato.

Cryptosporidioses is a parasitic zoonoses generated by diverse Cryptosporidium species. This coccidiosis affects multiple vertebrate species, including human beings. In Chile, as it happens in other countries, cryptosporidioses is a low frequency infection in immunocompetent individuals, acquiring a big relevance in immunocompromised ones. We present the following case: a recently graduated student from Veterinary medical school, with a 20 week pregnancy, living in “Laguna Verde” area in the Region of Valparaíso and who was infected with Cryptosporidium sp. Etiologic diagnosis was made by Ziehl Neelsen, and nested PCR followed by PCR product sequencing. During the same period, the infection was detected in her cats which were asymptomatic. In all of them, her and the cats, the species identified was Cryptosporidium parvum. Her husband and her other pets were all asymptomatic and non infected. This is the first report of a possible cryptosporidioses transmission between humans and cat.

Cryptosporidium parvum en gastrópodos silvestres como bioindicadores de contaminación fecal en ecosistemas terrestres / Cryptosporidium parvum in wild gastropods as bioindicators of fecal contamination in terrestrial ecosystems

Cryptosporidium sp oocysts were detected in snails (Helix aspersa Milller) and slug (Deroceras reticulatum Milller) from the Valparaiso Region, Chile. Snails and slug were collected from public squares and private domestic gardens. Cryptosporidium sp oocysts were recovered from faeces of both species. Ziehl Neelsen stain, nested PCR, and sequencing analysis demonstrated a profile similar to that described for genotype C or 2 of the parasite. These results demonstrate that snails and slug could act as a reservoir and mechanic vector of C. parvum infection for humans and animals. Moreover, gastropods could serve as bioindicators of fecal soil contamination.

Se detectó ooquistes de Cryptosporidium sp en caracoles (Helix aspersa Müller) y babosas (Deroce-ras reticulatum Müller) de la Región de Valparaíso, Chile. La recolección de caracoles y babosas se efectuó en parques públicos y jardines de diferentes hogares. Los ooquistes de Cryptosporidium sp fueron recuperados de las deposiciones de ambas especies. Después de la tinción de Ziehl Neelsen y la RPC anidada, el análisis de secuenciación demostró un patrón similar a lo descrito para el genotipo C o 2 del parásito. Estos resultados demuestran que los caracoles y babosas podrían actuar como reservorio y vectores mecánicos de la infección por Cryptosporidium. parvum para humanos y animales. Además, estos gastrópodos podrían ser usados como bio-indicadores de contaminación fecal del suelo.

Oocistos deCryptosporidium parvum em fezes de bezerro infectado experimentalmente / Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in the feces of experimentally infected calf

A dose of 5.0x106 Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts was inoculated in a newborn calf. After the inoculation, the feces were daily collected and the presence of oocysts was examined on slides using 0.17% green malachite dye. The total yield reached 1.5x1010 oocysts, with a peak production on the 7th day, confirming the infectious process and the role of calf infection in the potential risk for environmental contamination.

Enteric protozoan parasitic infection in HIV seropositive individuals with diarrhoea.

A total of 78 HIV seropositive patients were included in the study from January 2004 to March 2006. Enteric protozoan parasitic infections were diagnosed by microscopic examination of stool by fresh wet mount, stool smears stained by modified Z.N., Trichrome and Calcofluor white stains. 20 samples (25.6%) revealed presence ofenteric protozoan parasites.

Intestinal protozoan infections and echinococcosis in the inhabitants of Dornod and Selenge, Mongolia(2003)

The status of intestinal parasitic infections and seroprevalence of cystic echinococcosis in the inhabitants in Dornod and Selenge, Mongolia, was observed with stool and serum samples from 165 and 683 residents from August 9 to August 15, 2003. A total of 10 inhabitants (6.1%) were found to be infected with protozoan cysts or oocysts by stool examinations; 7, 1 and 2 cases with Entamoeba coli, Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum, respectively. A total of 62 people (9.1%) revealed significantly high levels of specific antibodies against Echinococcus granulosus by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The surveyed areas are rural areas and the sanitized tab water is not available. There is a possibility of endemic transmission of water-borne protozoan diseases in these areas. The clinical echinococcosis is needed to be searched from the seropositive inhabitants.

Elevada prevalencia de Cyclospora cayetanensis en indígenas del estado Bolívar, Venezuela / High prevalence of Cyclospora cayetanensis among indigenous people in Bolivar State, Venezuela

En la actualidad las coccidiosis intestinales causadas por Cryptosporidium parvum, Isospora belli y Cyclospora cayetanensis constituyen parasitosis de gran importancia médica, sin embargo, en el Estado Bolívar, Venezuela, se desconocen muchos aspectos epidemiológicos de estas infecciones. Entre julio de 2003 y abril de 2004 fue evaluada la población indígena San Antonio de Morichal con el objetivo de determinar la prevalencia de coccidiosis intestinales. Las muestras fecales obtenidas por evacuación espontánea fueron preservadas en dicromato de potasio 2,5 por ciento y posteriormente examinadas mediante la técnica de concentración con formol-éter y coloración de Kinyoun. De los 160 indígenas evaluados, el 92,5 por ciento (148 casos) estaba parasitado. Entamoeba coli (58,8 por ciento), Ascaris lumbricoides (38,8 por ciento) y Giardia lamblia (18,8 por ciento) fueron los más comunes. La prevalencia de coccidiosis intestinal fue de 13,1 por ciento, siendo la cyclosporiosis la más importante con 11,9 por ciento (19 casos). Solamente se diagnosticó un caso con ooquistes de C. parvum (0,6 por ciento) y otro con I. belli (0,6 por ciento). No hubo diferencias en cuanto al sexo (p > 0,05) y la edad (c2 = 5,6; g.l: 6) de los habitantes infectados con C. cayetanensis. De los infectados con C. cayetanensis únicamente dos tenían diarrea. En conclusión, se determinó una prevalencia elevada de coccidiosis intestinal en habitantes de la comunidad indígena evaluada, siendo la infección por C. cayetanensis las más prevalente.

Parasitic infections in Malaysia: changing and challenges.

A total of 1,885 blood and stool samples of four main protozoan parasitic infections were retrospectively reviewed from January, 2000 to April, 2004. Eleven of the 1,350 stool samples were shown positive for Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections; one of the 5 cases was clinically diagnosed as gastrointestinal cryptosporidiosis, while 6 cases were giardiasis. In patients with giardiasis, children were among the high-risk groups, making up 66.7% of these patients. The common presenting signs and symptoms were: diarrhea (83.3%), loss of appetite (83.3%), lethargy (83.3%), fever (66.7%), nausea/vomiting (50.0%), abdominal pain (16.7%), dehydration (16.7%) and rigor and chills (16.7%). Metronidazole was the drug of choice and was given to all symptomatic patients (83.3%). For the blood samples, 28 of the 92 peripheral smears for Plasmodium spp infection were diagnosed as malaria. The age range was from 4 to 57, with a median of 32.5 years. The sex ratio (M:F) was 3.6:1, while the age group of 30-44 years was the most commonly affected in both sexes. The majority of patients were foreigners (60.7%) and non-professional (39%). Plasmodium vivax (71%) infection was the most common pathogen found in these patients, along with a history of traveling to an endemic area of malaria (31%). The predominant presenting signs and symptoms were: fever (27%), rigor and chills (24%), nausea/vomiting (15%) and headache (8%). Chloroquine and primaquine was the most common anti-malarial regimen used (78.6%) in these patients. The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in different groups was 258/443 (58%): seropositive for IgG 143 (32.3%); IgM 67 (15%); and IgG + IgM 48 (10.8%). The age range was from 1 to 85, with a mean of 34 (+/- SD 16.6) years. The predominant age group was 21 to 40 years (126; 28.4%). The sex ratio (M:F) was 1.2:1. Subjects were predominantly male (142; 32%) and the Malay (117; 26.4%). Of these, 32 cases were clinically diagnosed with ocular toxoplasmosis. The range of age was from 10 to 56 years with a mean of 30.5 (+/- SD 12.05) years. The sex ratio (M:F) was 1:1.7. The majority were in the age group of 21 to 40 years, female (20; 62.5%), and Malay (17; 53%). They were also single (16; 50%), unemployed (12; 37%), and resided outside Kuala Lumpur (21; 65.6%). The more common clinical presentations were blurring of vision (25; 78%), floaters (10; 31%) and pain in the eye (7; 22%). We found that funduscopic examination (100%) and seropositivity for anti-Toxoplasma antibodies (93.7%) were the main reasons for investigation. Choroidoretinitis was the most common clinical diagnosis (69%), while clindamycin was the most frequently used antimicrobial in all cases. Among HIV-infected patients, 10 cases were diagnosed as AIDS-related toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE) (9 were active and 1 had relapse TE). In addition, 1 case was confirmed as congenital toxoplasmosis.

Patterns of shedding of cryptosporidial oocysts by ewes and lambs kept indoors

Este experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar a variação na eliminação de oocistos de Cryptosporidium parvum nas fezes de cordeiros e ovelhas, mantidos confinados do nascimento a desmama, em uma criação localizada em Botucatu -SP. Um grupo de 20 ovelhas da raça Ile de France em final de gestação foi confinado em instalações com piso de concreto. O piso era lavado três vezes por semana e as fezes eram removidas diariamente. O nascimento dos cordeiros ocorreu em Agosto e Setembro / 2001. Amostras de fezes foram colhidas das ovelhas e dos cordeiros no dia do nascimento, 4, 8, 16, 32 e 64 dias pós-parto. As amostras foram processadas pela técnica de centrífugosedimentação em éter. Esfregaços foram confeccionados e corados com auramina O e pela técnica de ZiehI-Neelsen modificada. Do total de amostras de cordeiros e ovelhas, 26,7% e 31,9%, respectivamente (P>O,O5) apresentaram oocistos de Crypostosporidium. Quatro dos 20 cordeiros e duas das 20 ovelhas não apresentaram oocistos em nenhuma das amostras examinadas. O percentual mais alto de amostras positivas ocorreu nas amostras dos cordeiros com quatro dias de vida. Nas ovelhas o maior percentual de amostras positivas foi registrado quatro dias após o parto. Apesar da taxa relativamente elevada de animais que eliminaram oocistos nas fezes, a infecção por C. parvum foi subclínica nas ovelhas e nos cordeiros.

Prevalence of diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium parvum in non-HIV patients in Jeollanam-do, Korea

The present study investigated the prevalence rate of Cryptosporidium parvum as a cause of diarrhea. We examined 942 stools of unidentified reasons occurring in patients in whom no immunosuppression had been detected. We examined the stools for Cryptosporidium parvum via modified acid-fast staining. The clinical records of all of the positive patients were then analyzed. Nine (1%) of the stools among the 942 diarrheal patients were positive for C. parvum. The positive rate in the males was 1.1% (6/522) and the positive rate of the females was 0.7% (3/420). Age distribution revealed that the highest positive rates were in patients in their sixties, with a positive rate of 2.5% (4/158). In the clinical tests, levels of c-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rates, and neutrophil proportions were normally increased in the peripheral blood, whereas the lymphocyte proportion exhibited a tendency towards decrease. The pathological findings were compatible with an inflammatory reaction in the host.

Padronização e avaliação de métodos moleculares para detecção de ocistos de Cryptosporidium spp (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporiidae) em amostras fecais: extração de DNA genômico e PCR (reação em cadeia pela polimerase) / Standardization and evaluation of molecular methods to detect oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporiidae in faecal samples: extraction of genomic DNA and PCR (polymerase chain reaction)

O protozoário parasita Cryptosporidium parvum tem sido reconhecido como um importante patógeno emergente. Para estudos moleculares, a maioria das técnicas para extração do DNA requer o uso de kits importados para concentrar, romper a parede muito resistente do oocisto e purificar o DNA das matrizes das amostras. O objetivo do estudo foi desenvolver um método simples e rápido, baseado na reação em cadeia pela polimerase (PCR) para detectar Cryptosporidium em fezes preservadas. Oocistos foram concentrados das amostras fecais pela flutuação em gradiente de sacarose. Dos oocistos purificados foi extraído o DNA genômico através de incubação em tampão de lise contendo 70 mM -mercaptoetanol, digerido com proteinase K e extraído com fenol-clorofórmio-álcool isoamílico. A padronização foi iniciada com a PCR única para detectar Cryptosporidium spp usando um par de primer genérico (AWA). Para identificar C.parvum foi realizada a PCR única com o par de primer específico (LAX). Para aumentar a sensibilidade do método, foi atestada a nested-PCR, usando o primer externo XIA. Foram analisadas 39 amostras de DNA do bezerro padrão, 52 amostras de 17 pacientes e 45 amostras de 14 animais. Os resultados foram: 54,28 por cento de positividade na PCR AWA e, 71,42 por cento na nested-PCR XIA/AWA, 67,74 por cento na PCR LAX e 44,44 por cento na nested-PCR XIA/LAX das amostras do bezerro. A positividade geral nas amostras de pacientes e de animais foi: 34,48 por cento pela PCR and 54,83 por cento pela nested-PCR para Cryptosporidium spp e 16,00 por cento pela PCR e 50,00 por cento pela nested-PCR para C. parvum. O emprego do corante Vistra Green melhorou significativamente a visualização do gel. Os resultados levam a supor que este método simples e de baixo custo pode fornecer melhores resultados quando aplicado a amostras frescas, na rotina do laboratório.

Prevalence of cryptosporidiosis among the villagers and domestic animals in several rural areas of Korea

The present study was undertaken to investigate the infection status of Cryptosporidium parvum in the villagers and the reservoir hosts in several rural areas in Korea. A total 5, 262 fecal samples were collected from the inhabitants residing at Gangwon-do, Chungcheongbuk-do, Jeollanam-do, and Gyeongsangnam-do between the dates of September, 2001 to June, 2002. In addition, 1, 453 fecal samples were collected from livestock reared in Gokseong-gun, Jeollanam-do and Chungju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do. All the fecal smears were prepared by formalin-ether sedimentation, and examined by light microscopy after modified acid-fast staining. The overall positive rate of human cryptosporidiosis was 3.3%. Gokseong-gun, Jeollanam-do showed a 8.2% positive rate and appeared as the highest endemic area among the surveyed areas. Haman-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do showed a 0.4% positive rate and was the lowest endemic area. The positive rate of livestock infection in Gokseong-gun, Jeollanam-do was 94%, which was more than ten times higher than that of Chungju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do (9.3%). From these results, it was revealed that cryptosporidiosis was an endemic disease in some rural areas of Korea, and the livestock could be an important source of human infection.

Infection status of pigs with Cryptosporidium parvum

To investigate the infection status of pigs with Cryptosporidium parvum, 589 fecal samples were collected from pigs raised at farm in Chungcheongbuk-do and Chungcheongnam-do. Of the 589 pig fecal samples, 62 (10.5%) were positive for C. parvum. The area showing the highest positive rate was Dangjin-gun, Chungcheongnam-do (14.0%), and the lowest (0%) Salmi-myon, Chungcheongbuk-do. The positive rate of C. parvum in Judok-eup increased from 12.7% in the winter to 22.1% in the summer. The results of this study suggest that the pigs may be a source of human C. parvum infection.

Avaliação da eficácia do colostro bovino hiperimune na infecção experimental de roedores com Cryptosporidium parvum / Evaluation of the efficacy of hyperimmune bovine colostrum on Cryptosporidium parvum experimental infection of rodents

O colostro bovino hiperimune contém alta concentração de anticorpos anti- Cryptosporidium parvum. Este produto é considerado como uma das estratégias terapêuticas promissoras no controle da criptosporidiose intestinal em humanos. Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficácia do colostro bovino hiperimune na redução do parasitismo e na prevenção de alterações de mucosa intestinal, foram infectados, experimentalmente, com oócistos de Cryptosporidium parvum, vários ratos (F344) e camundongos (C57BL/6). Os resultados mostraram que o colostro bovino hiperimune apresentou altos títulos de anticorpos. Os ratos F344, tratados com colostro bovino hiperimune ou com colostro normal, tiveram redução no parasitismo intestinal e apresentaram menor comprometimento de sua mucosa. Os camundongos C57BL/6, quando tratados com colostro hiperimune ou normal, apresentaram ligeira redução do parasitismo intestinal e não evidenciaram diferenças estatísticas significantes nas alterações histopatológicas da mucosa. Conclui-se que o uso do colostro bovino hiperimune tenha um benefício limitado na infecção causada pelo Cryptosporidium parvum.

The hyperimmune bovine colostrum has a high concentration of antibodies anti-Cryptosporidium parvum. This product is considered one of the promising therapeutic strategies in the control of intestinal cryptosporidiosis in humans. With the purpose to evaluate the hyperimmune bovine colostrum efficacy in reducing the parasitism and preventing intestinal mucosa alterations, several strains of rats F344 and mice were experimentally infected with Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. The results showed that the hyperimmune bovine colostrum had high levels of antibodies. The rats F344, treated either with hyperimmune or normal bovine colostrum, had reduction of the intestinal parasitism and presented little mucosa compromise. The mice C57BL/6 when treated either with hyperimmune or normal colostrum had slight reduction of the intestinal parasitism and evidenced no statistical significant differences in the histopathological mucosa changes. In conclusion, the use of hyperimmune bovine colostrum has a limited benefit in Cryptosporidium parvum infection.

Low prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum in hospitalized children in Kota Bharu, Malaysia.

The aim of this prospective study was to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum in hospitalized children in Kota Bharu, Malaysia. Over a 19 month study period, 258 stool samples were examined from 159 children; 109 with diarrhea and 50 controls without diarrhea. Modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining method and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay were used to detect C. parvum and the samples were also examined for the presence of other intestinal parasites. Only 1 of the 109 (0.9%) children with acute diarrhea was positive for C. parvum by microscopy and PCR. Thirty-one percent of children were infested with other intestinal parasites, the most common being Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura. In conclusion, we found C. parvum to be an uncommon infective agent in hospitalized children with or without diarrhea in Kota Bharu, Malaysia.

Avaliação da eficácia do colostro bovino hiperimune na infecção experimental de roedores com Cryptosporidium parvum

O Cryptosporidium parvum é um protozoário que inicialmente estava associado à AIDS. Posteriormente, diversos surtos de criptosporidiose de veiculação hídrica passaram a ser descritos. Nenhuma droga foi eficaz no controle dessa infecção. Alguns estudos mostraram eficácia do colostro de vacas hiperimunizadas com C. parvum. Vários camundongos e ratos foram inoculados com 2x10 oocistos de C.parvum. O colostro bovino hiperimune empregado no experimento foi positivo até a diluição de 1:55.000. Dois modelos murinos com imunossupressão - C57BL/6 knock out de CD4 e BALB/c nude não desenvolveram infecção até o 18º dia pós-inoculação. Os resultados mostraram que os camundongos C57BL/6 e os ratos Fischer 344 (F344) recém-nascidos são susceptíveis à infecção com esse parasita. O colostro hiperimune reduziu o número de ooscitos de C. parvum em ambas as linhagens. Entretanto, apenas os ratos F344 evidenciaram maior preservação da arquitetura da mucosa intestinal quando foram tratados com esse produto. A linhagem de ratos F344 demonstrou ser um modelo experimental adequado e promissor para o estudo da infecção com C. parvum.